Assamese 

Assamese is the easternmost member of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. It is spoken as a first language by 12.8 million people primarily in the Indian state of Assam and in the neighboring states of West Bengal, Meghalaya, and Arunachal Pradesh as well as in Bangladesh and Bhutan (Ethnologue).

Assamese is thought to have evolved from an eastern branch of the Apabhramsha dialects spoken in India in the 6th-13th centuries. It first appeared in 14th-century documents, although there is  written evidence of the language in documents and poems of an earlier period.

Status

In 1826, Bengali became the official language of Assam as a result of the British occupation. However, Assamese was reinstated as the official language some fifty years later in the 1870’s. Today, Assamese is recognized as the official language of the Indian state of Assam. It is used in government, mass media, and in everyday communication.

Dialects

Standard Assamese is based on the Central dialect. There is also an Assamese-based creole called Naga Pidgin. There are several mutually intelligible dialects of Assamese.

• • Central
  • Eastern
  • Kamrupi
  • Goalparia

 

Structure

 

 

Vowels
Assamese is rich in vowels. It has eight vowel phonemes, i.e., sounds that make a difference in word meaning. Vowels can be oral or nasal. Nasalization makes a difference in word meaning. In addition, Assamese has a wide variety of diphthongs and vowel sequences.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open-mid	ε		ɔ
Open		a	ɒ

• /ε/ = e in bed
• /ɔ/ = o in bog
• /ɒ/ = a in father

 

Consonants
Assamese has twenty-one consonants, depending on the variety analyzed. The number of consonants is somewhat smaller than in other Indo-Aryan languages. Consonant clusters occur in word-initial, medial, and final positions. Word-initial clusters are restricted to sequences of consonant + semivowel, word-final clusters are restricted to sequences of homorganic nasal + consonants.

		Bilabial	Apico-dental	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Stops voiceless	unaspirated	p	t		k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
Stops voiced	unaspirated	b	d		g
	aspirated	bʰ	dʰ		gʰ
Fricatives	voiceless			s	x	h
	voiced			z
Nasals		m		n	ŋ
Lateral		……x	l
Flap			r
Semi-vowels		w

• There is a contrast between aspirated versus unaspirated voiceless and voiced stops, e.g., /p – pʰ, t – tʰ, k – kʰ, b – bʰ, d – dʰ, g – gʰ/. Aspirated consonants are produced with a strong puff of air.
• Most consonants can be geminated (doubled).
• There are no retroflex consonants common to other Indo-Aryan languages.
• The voiceless velar fricative /x/ is atypical of Indo-Aryan languages. It resembles the last consonant in Scottish pronunciation of Loch.
• /ŋ/ = ng in song

 

Stress
Stress can fall on any syllable of a word. As a result, words that are otherwise identical, can have a different meaning, depending on the position of stress.

 

Assamese grammar is very similar to that of other Indo-Aryan languages. Like all these languages, Assamese is agglutinative, i.e., it adds suffixes to roots to build words and to express grammatical relations.

Nouns and adjectives 
Assamese nouns are marked for the following grammatical categories:

• number: singular and plural
• gender: masculine, feminine
• case: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative. All cases are marked by postpositions. Assamese has preserved the case-marking of agents of transitive verbs, but unlike other Indo-Aryan languages, it marks transitive agents and some intransitive agents in all tenses.
• There is a strong system of classifiers which have different forms in the singular and plural.
• There is a well-developed system of honorifics that cover formal and informal relationships in a variety of social situations.
• Adjectives are not marked for gender.

 

Verbs
Verbs agree with their subjects (in the active voice), or with their objects (in the passive voice) in person, number and gender. Verbs have the following grammatical categories:

• person: 1st, 2nd, 3rd
• number: singular and plural
• tense: present, past, future
• aspect: imperfective and perfective
• mood: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, conditional;
• voice: active, passive
• negation is marked by a prefix added to the verb root.

 

Word order
The normal word order in Assamese is Subject – Object – Verb. Modifiers precede the nouns they modify. Indirect objects precede direct objects.

 

The basic vocabulary of Assamese is Sanskrit in origin, but over the years Assamese has borrowed words from Hindi, English, Bengali, and other neighboring languages. Click hereto see some basic Assamese words.

Below are Assamese numerals 1-9 in Latin transcription. Click hereto see them written in Assamese script.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
ek	dui	tini	cār	pāc	cay	xāt	āt	na

 

Writing

Assamese is written in the Assamese script, a version of the Bengali script, a syllabic alphabet in which all consonants have an inherent vowel which has two different pronunciations or which may be silent. The Assamese alphabet contains 11 symbols for vowels and 54 for consonant+vowel syllables plus other symbols. Click here to learn more about the Assamese alphabet