ONSCREEN Russian DESKTOP KEYBOARD FREE DOWNLOAD

ONSCREEN Russian  DESKTOP KEYBOARD FREE DOWNLOAD
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RussianRussian

 

RUSSIAN DESKTOP KEYBOARD FREE DOWNLOAD
RUSSIAN DESKTOP KEYBOARD FREE DOWNLOAD
The most common keyboard layout in modern Russia is the so-called Windows layout, which is the default Russian layout used in the MS Windows operating system. The layout was designed to be compatible with the hardware standard in many other countries, but introduced compromises to accommodate the larger alphabet. The full stop and comma symbols share a key, requiring the shift key to be held to produce a comma, despite the high relative frequency of comma in the language.There are some o..
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Russian

Russian (pусский язык) belongs to the East Slavic group of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is the largest of the Slavic languages. Its closest relatives are Belarusian and Ukrainian. Russian is primarily spoken in the Russian Federation and by older people in the other countries that were once part of the Soviet Union, as well as in Eastern Europe. According to the 2010 census, there were 137 million speakers of Russian in the Russian Federation, and 166 million worldwide (Ethnologue). In addition, Russian is spoken in Canada, China, Finland, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, and the U.S. It is one of the world’s ten most spoken languages.

Prior to the 14th century, ancestors of the modern Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians spoke varieties of Old East Slavic, a language that was common to all three. Linguists think that it split into what are now Russian, Belarusian, and Ukrainian at the end of the 14th century. Until the end of the 17th century, the official language in Russia was an East Slavic version of Church Slavonic, the liturgical language of the Russian Orthodox Church. The political reforms of Peter the Great in the 18th century included a reform of the Russian alphabet and westernization of the language through numerous borrowings from Western European languages. This resulted in a move away from Church Slavonic norms towards spoken norms.

The Revolution of 1917 and the political, social, and economic changes that followed it brought new terminology and greatly increased the number of international words in the Russian vocabulary. The spelling reform of 1918 gave written Russian its modern appearance. Literacy became nearly universal. Accomplishments in military, scientific, technological. and artistic fields as well as space exploration gave modern Russian its world-wide prestige that went along with its superpower image.

Until 1917, Russian was the sole official language of the Russian Empire. During the Soviet period, though each of the republics had its own official language, Russian enjoyed a superior status. Following the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, several of the newly independent states have promoted the use of their native languages, partly undermining the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the lingua franca of the region has continued.

Russian is the official language of the Russian Federation, sharing its official status at the regional level with other languages in various ethnic autonomous regions within the Federation, such as Chuvash, Bashkort,Tatar, and Yakut. Russian is also a co-official language of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Russian does not have the status of an official language in Ukraine, but it still functions as a regional and minority language, with the Constitution of Ukraine providing guarantees for its protection and use. Education in Russian, as well as choice of Russian as a second language, are still very popular in many of the former Soviet republics. 

In the 20th century, Russian was widely taught in the schools of countries that used to be satellites of the USSR, e.g, Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany andCuba. However, today, most young people in these countries know very little or no Russian because it is is no longer mandatory in the school system. Instead of Russian, students in the Eurocentric countries of Eastern Europe prefer to study Western European languages such as English or German.

Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations, UNESCO, World Bank, World Health Organization, and many other international organizations.

Dialects

Linguists generally divide Russian into three major dialect groups: Northern, Central (transitional), and Southern. There are dozens of smaller variants within each major dialect group. Two features that typically distinguish the Northern from Southern dialects are given in the table below. The Central dialect, spoken around the Moscow area, combines the major features of both dialect groups.

  Northern Southern Central
unstressed vowel /o/ [o] [a] [a]
voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ absent present absent

 

The standard language is based on, but is not identical to the Moscow dialect.

Sound system

The sound system of Russian is quite similar to that of Belarusian and Ukrainian. Its description below is based on the standard language.

Vowels
Russian has 5 vowel phonemes, i.e., sounds that differentiate the meaning of words. The vowels /o/ and /a/ are distinguished only in stressed positions. Unstressed /o/ becomes /a/. The vowels /i/ and /e/ are also distinguished only in stressed position. In unstressed positions /e/ becomes /i/.

  Front Central Back
Close i   u
Mid e   o
Open   a  

 

Each vowel is represented by two letters in the orthography.

  Initially and after unpalatalized consonants After palatalized consonants and /j/
/i/ ы  и
/e/ э e
/a/ a я 
/u/ y ю
/o/ o ë

 

Consonants

The language allows a variety of consonant clusters. These are either all voiced or all voiceless. The last consonant in the cluster determines whether the entire cluster is voiced or voiceless. This rule does not apply to nasals, laterals, or rhotics. All bilabial, labio-dental, and dental consonants have palatalized counterparts pronounced with the blade of the tongue coming in contact with the hard palate. Palatalization is indicated by a small [ʲ] after the consonant in the table below.

 

    Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Post-alveolar Palatal Velar
Stops voiceless p, pʲ   t, tʲ     k
voiced b, bʲ   d, dʲ     g
Fricatives voiceless   s, sʲ ʃ   x
voiced   v, vʲ z, zʲ ʒ    
Affricates voiceless     ts    
voiced            
Nasals   m, mʲ   n, nʲ      
Laterals       l, lʲ      
Rhotic (trill, flap)       r, rʲ      
Semivowels           j  
  • /x/ = similar to ch in the German pronunciation of Bach
  • /ʃ/=sh in shape
  • /ʒ/ = s in measure
  • /tʃ/ = ch in cheat
  • /ɾ/ has no equivalent in English; similar to r in Spanish pero
  • /j/ = y in yet

 

Stress

Stress is free and mobile, i.e., it can fall on any syllable of a word and its position can change depending on the form of the word. Stress is not marked in normal orthography but is commonly marked in textbooks and dictionaries.

Grammar

Russian is a richly inflected language with a grammar that is very similar to that of other Slavic languages, especially Belarusian and Ukrainian.

Nouns, adjectives, pronouns
Russian nouns are marked for gender, number, and case. The three are fused into one ending, as is the case in all Slavic languages. Russian nouns have the following grammatical categories:

  • gender: masculine, feminine, neuter
  • four noun and adjective declensions, largely based on gender
  • number: singular and plural, with a few vestiges of dual
  • case: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, vocative (only a few remaining vocative forms remain)
  • animate and inanimate masculine nouns have different endings in the accusative case
  • There are no indefinite or definite articles.
  • Adjectives are marked for gender and case only in the singular. In the plural, they are marked only for case.
  • Adjectives and possessive and demonstrative pronouns precede the nouns they modify and agree with them in gender, number, and case.
  • There is a distinction in the second person singular between informal (T) and formal (V) forms.
  • Like all Slavic languages, Russian is a pro-drop language, i.e., personal pronouns can be dropped because the verb ending makes the person clear.

 

Verbs
Russian verbs agree with their subjects in person and number in the non-past, and in gender and number in the past. They are marked for the following categories:

  • three persons: first, second, third
  • four conjugations
  • two tenses: past, non-past
  • Present and future tenses have the same endings.
  • two aspects: imperfective and perfective.
  • Perfective and imperfective verbs are formed from basic verb roots by adding prefixes and suffixes. Non-past conjugation of perfective verbs indicates future tense, non-past conjugation of imperfective verbs indicates present tense. Imperfective verbs form future tense with the auxiliary verb быть ‘be.’
  • three moods: indicative, imperative, conditional
  • two voices: active, passive
  • Verbs of motion constitute a special subcategory of verbs. They are characterized by a complex system of directional and aspectual prefixes and suffixes.

 

Word order
The neutral word order in Russian is Subject-Verb-Object. However, other orders are possible since inflectional endings take care of clearly marking grammatical relations and roles in the sentence. Word order is principally determined by topic (what the sentence is about, or old information) and focus (new information). Constituents with old information precede constituents with new information, or those that carry the most emphasis.

Sasha ljubit Mashu.
SVO
‘Sasha loves Masha.’
Neutral word order. No part of the sentence is emphasized.
Mashu ljubit Sasha.
OVS
It is Sasha who loves Masha (as opposed to someone else).
Sasha Mashu ljubit.
SOV
Sasha really loves Masha.

 

Vocabulary

Russian has a very large vocabulary consisting of a mix of native Slavic and borrowings from other languages.   It is difficult to determine what percentage of Russian vocabulary is inherently Slavic and what percentage is borrowed from other languages. By some estimates, about half of Russian vocabulary may consist of words borrowed at one time or another from other languages. This is even more true of scientific, technical, and political vocabulary.

Early borrowings into Russian were from Old Church Slavonic, Greek, and Latin, associated with religious sources, and from Altaic languages, associated with the Mongol invasion. Later borrowings came from French, German, Dutch, Italian, and English. Today, the major source of borrowing, particularly in the areas of scientific, political, and technical terminology, is English.

However, most of the basic everyday vocabulary is inherently Slavic. Below are a few common words and phrases.

Hello Здpaвcтвyй(тe)
Good bye Дo cвидaния
Please Пoжaлyйcтa
Thank you Cпacибo
Excuse me, sorry Извини(тe), пpocти(тe)
Yes Дa
No Heт
Man Чeлoвeк, мyжчинa
Woman Жeнщинa

Below are Russian numerals 1-10.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
oдин двa тpи чeтыpe пять шecть ceмь вoceмь дeвять дecять

Writing

The modern Russian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet. It was introduced into Kievan Rus’ at the time of its conversion to Christianity in 988 or earlier, and has undergone significant changes since then, including major reforms in 1708, during the rein of Peter the Great, and in 1918, after the October Revolution.

The modern Russian alphabet has the following letters given below in their printed form. The longhand, or cursive, form for some letters is quite different.

Russian Alphabet
А а Б б В в Г г Д д E e Ë ë Ж ж З з И и Й й
К к Л л М м Н н О о П п Р р С с Т т У у Ф ф
Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ Ы ы ъ ь Э э Ю ю Я я

 

Take a look at Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Russian.

Вceoбщaя дeклapaция пpaв чeлoвeкa
Cтaтья 1
Вce люди poждaютcя cвoбoдными и paвными в cвoeм дocтoинcтвe и прaвax. Oни нaдeлeны paзyмoм и coвecтью и дoлжны пocтyпaть в oтнoшeнии дpyг дpyгa в дyxe бpaтcтвa.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

 

Russian is the language of major poets and writers whose work has been translated into dozens of the world’s languages. Among them are Pushkin,Lermontov, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Chekhov, Gorky, Blok, Nabokov, Pasternak, Yevtushenko, and numerous others.

English has borrowed a number of words from Russian. Here are some of them:

balalaika Russian name for a triangular-shaped stringed instrument
borsch vegetable and beet soup
cosmonaut anglicization of Russian kosmonavt
dacha country or vacation home
glasnost policy of openness, from glas ‘voice’
gulag an acronym that means ‘state forced labor camp’
duma Russian national assembly, from duma ‘think’
intelligentsia intellectual elite
matryoshka wooden dolls stacked inside one another
rouble unit of currency equivalent to 100 kopecks ‘cents’
samovar ‘hot water urn’ literally ‘auto-boiler’ from sam ‘auto-‘ + var- ‘boil’
sputnik ‘artificial satellite, s- ‘with’ + put ‘trip’ + nik ‘masculine suffix’, literally ‘co-traveller’
steppe from step’, vast treeless plain of southeastern Eurasia
troika troika ‘three-horse team abreast, or any group of three’
tundra tundra ‘Arctic steppe’
tsar (czar) tsar
vodka vodka, from vod ‘water’ + –ka, a diminutive suffix.

 

The most common keyboard layout in modern Russia is the so-called Windows layout, which is the default Russian layout used in the MS Windows operating system. The layout was designed to be compatible with the hardware standard in many other countries, but introduced compromises to accommodate the larger alphabet. The full stop and comma symbols share a key, requiring the shift key to be held to produce a comma, despite the high relative frequency of comma in the language.

There are some other Russian keyboard layouts in use: in particular, the traditional Russian Typewriter layout (punctuation symbols are placed on numerical keys, one needs to press Shift to enter numbers) and the Russian DOS layout (similar to the Russian Typewriter layout with common punctuation symbols on numerical keys, but numbers are entered without Shift). The Russian Typewriter layout can be found on many Russian typewriters produced before the 1990s, and it is the default Russian keyboard layout in the OpenSolaris operating system. Keyboards in Russia always have Cyrillic letters on the keytops as well as Latin letters. Usually Cyrillic and Latin letters are labeled with different colors.

Russian QWERTY/QWERTZ-based phonetic layouts[edit] Original Cyrillic homophonic layout by Curtin ca. 1972?-1976, as modified by Zelchenko ca. 1999

Russian phonetic keyboard layout
The Russian phonetic keyboard layout (also called homophonic or transliterated) is widely used outside Russia, where normally there are no Russian letters drawn on keyboard buttons. This layout is made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English QWERTY keyboard, and follows the Greek and Armenian layouts in placing most letters at the corresponding Latin letter locations. It is famous among both native speakers and people who use, teach, or are learning Russian, and is recommended — along with the Standard Layout — by the linguists, translators, teachers and students of AATSEEL.org. The earliest known implementation of the Cyrillic-to-QWERTY homophonic keyboard was by former AATSEEL officer Constance Curtin between 1972 and 1976, for the PLATO education system's Russian Language curriculum developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.[70] Curtin's design sought to map phonetically related Russian sounds to QWERTY keys, to map proximate phonetic and visual cues nearby one another, as well as to map unused positions in a mnemonically ideal way. Peter Zelchenko worked under Curtin at UIUC, and his later modifications to the number row for Windows and Macintosh keyboards follow Curtin's original design intent.[71]

There are several different Russian phonetic layouts, for example YaZhERT (яжерт), YaWERT (яверт), and YaShERT (яшерт) suggested by AATSEEL.org and called "Student" layout. They are named after the first several letters that take over the 'QWERTY' row on the Latin keyboard. They differ by where a few of the letters are placed. For example, some have Cyrillic 'B' (which is pronounced 'V') on the Latin 'W' key (after the German transliteration of B), while others have it on the Latin 'V' key. The images of AATSEEL "Student", YaZhERT (яжерт) and YaWERT (яверт) are shown on this page. There are also variations within these variations; for example the Mac OS X Phonetic Russian layout is YaShERT but differs in placement of ж and э.

Windows 10 includes an own implementation of a mnemonic QWERTY-based input method for Russian, which doesn't fully rely on assigning a key to every Russian letter, but uses the sh, sc, ch, ya (ja), yu (ju), ye (je), yo (jo) combinations to input ш, щ, ч, я, ю, э and ё respectively.

Virtual (on-screen) Russian keyboards allow entering Cyrillic directly in a browser without activating the system layout. This virtual keyboard[74] offers YaZhERT (яжерт) variant. Another virtual keyboard[75] supports both traditional (MS Windows and Typewriter) and some phonetic keyboard layouts, including AATSEEL "Student", Mac OS X Phonetic Russian layout and the RUSSIANEASY 1:1 keyboard for chrome.

В русской компьютерной письменности в настоящее время используются две раскладки клавиатуры: ЙЦУКЕН и «фонетическая раскладка». Более распространённой из них является раскладка ЙЦУКЕН, название которой происходит от шести левых символов верхнего ряда раскладки. Предшественницу этой раскладки, которую точней было бы называть ЙІУКЕН, создали в США в конце XIX века для пишущих машинок. В России в те времена раскладка ЙІУКЕН получила официальное название «Стандард-клавиатура»[2]. В раскладке в нижнем регистре располагались строчные буквы и знаки препинания, а в верхнем — прописные буквы и цифры.
Стандартная русская раскладка клавиатуры
Считается, что раскладка ЙЦУКЕН далека от оптимальной при печати слепым десятипальцевым методом:
нагрузка по пальцам распределяется неравномерно, из-за чего одни пальцы «пробегают» по клавиатуре большие расстояния, чем другие;
приходится часто гнуть пальцы, так как основной «домашний» ряд клавиатуры мало задействован;
часто два и более символа нажимаются подряд в одной зоне, одним пальцем.
В раскладке ЙЦУКЕН также отсутствуют клавиши для используемых в русской письменности знаков препинания и небуквенных орфографических знаков:
кавычки «ёлочки» (угловые, типографские);
кавычки „лапки“;
ударение;
тире;
параграф;
апостроф;
квадратные, фигурные и угловые скобки.
В операционной системе Microsoft Windows предложены два варианта адаптации раскладки ЙЦУКЕН для компьютерных клавиатур: «Русская» (англ. «Russian») и «Русская (Машинопись)» (англ. «Russian (Typewriter)»). По умолчанию используется раскладка «Русская», в которой цифры перемещены в нижний регистр, а знаки препинания (кроме точки и тире) и дополнительные символы — в верхний. Большинство русскоязычных пользователей компьютеров пользуются именно этой русской раскладкой[источник не указан 249 дней].
Недостатком компьютерной раскладки ЙЦУКЕН (Русская) считается то, что запятая находится в верхнем регистре, хотя она не является второстепенным знаком и употребляется чаще точки.
Следующий недостаток основной русской компьютерной раскладки — неудобство набора буквы «ё».
В 1956 году был издан «Свод правил русской орфографии и пунктуации», в котором закреплялась сложившаяся практика факультативного использования буквы «ё». На компьютерной раскладке ЙЦУКЕН буква «ё» размещена слева в верхнем углу клавиатуры, отдельно от всех остальных букв.
Альтернативный вариант — ЙЦУКЕН «Русская (машинопись)» — отличается расположением небуквенных знаков и буквы «ё». Она считается более удобной для набора, так как цифры в текстах встречаются, как правило, гораздо реже знаков препинания, а постоянное использование клавиши ⇧ Shift для набора последних способствует снижению скорости набора[4]. Кроме того, в этой раскладке буква «ё» расположена в более удобном месте — за неё отвечает клавиша, которая в обычной русской компьютерной раскладке служит для набора знаков препинания точка и запятая.
Из альтернативных раскладок для русского языка наподобие «DVORAK» следует выделить раскладку DIKTOR и раскладку Зубачёва[3]. Обе эти раскладки были построены по схожему принципу с латинской раскладкой «DVORAK», но официальные сайты перестали существовать, а популярности они так и не завоевали[5].
В русской фонетической раскладке русские буквы расположены там же, где и похожие (фонетически, по звучанию) латинские, например, A-А, Б-B, Д-D, Ф-F, K-K, O-O и т. д. Созданы варианты русской фонетической раскладки на основе латинской QWERTY, а также на основе других латинских и национальных раскладок[6]. Русская фонетическая раскладка считается лучшей для иностранцев, изучающих русский язык, а также для множества русских, живущих за пределами СНГ. Первое описание русской фонетической (транслитерационной) раскладки было размещено в 1997 году на сайте Вадима Маслова «СовИнформБюро»[7], поэтому этот метод набора русского текста иногда называют методом Маслова. Следует отметить, что в персональных компьютерах отечественного производства, например, ПК Искра (1989 г.), использовался противоположный подход: не русские буквы располагались по образцу латинских, а, наоборот, латинские по образцу русских (JCUKEN).
Подключение русской фонетической раскладки в Microsoft Windows требует специальной компьютерной программы, найти которую можно на соответствующих сайтах Интернета. В отличие от неё, раскладки «Болгарская (фонетическая)», «Боснийская (кириллица)», «Македонская (FYROM)» и «Македонская (БЮРМ)» включены в набор раскладок Microsoft Windows Vista.

Frontype is easy to use multilingual user-friendly virtual onscreen keyboard that turns any keyboard to your language layout. Just add needed language as input and start to type!

Most Popular keyboard for Download

Onscreen Keyboard

What does Onscreen Keyboard mean?

An onscreen keyboard is a software-based keyboard that is available in most operating systems, especially Microsoft Windows, and in other applications. An onscreen keyboard allows users to type text using a joystick or a pointing device. Apart from improving input options for users who are physically challenged, it also serves as an alternative to a physical keyboard.

Onscreen keyboards are also known as software keyboards or soft keyboards.

Onscreen Keyboard

An onscreen keyboard displays a virtual keyboard on the screen for users to enter input. It can be operated with the help of any pointing device such as a mouse, pen, joystick, etc. The keyboard is often resizable and customizable, allowing the typing mode, font, etc., to be changed as needed. In certain onscreen keyboards, especially those from Windows 7 and later versions, they are equipped with a predictive text engine, which helps in predicting the words the users may type.

There are several ways an onscreen keyboard can come in handy. It is useful, for example, for physically challenged users who have difficulty using a physical keyboard. It can also be used as an alternative or a temporary keyboard in case the physical keyboard becomes defective. Using an onscreen keyboard also prevents keystrokes from being captured by certain spyware programs such as keyloggers.

However, as typing on an onscreen keyboard is slower and more difficult than on a physical keyboard, most onscreen keyboards feature predictive text input.